If you want to make some money with advertisements you can choose from several possibilities. The Internet is a huge market; new ways to advertise will keep emerging.
Banners
The most common way is using banners. Banners are small advertisements, often in a size of 468 x 60 pixels.
The space for a banner is reserved in your page and filled in by the advertiser.
There are some alternatives for banners: buttons, actually small banners but also sponsored links; just a normal link but one that's paid for.
Payment options
There are two payment options for banners.
* CPM. Cost Per 1000 views (M is the Latin cypher for 1000). You are paid for displaying the banner and the rate is based on 1000 views.
* CPC. Cost Per Click. You're only paid if someone clicks on the banner and is transferred to the site of the advertiser.
Which option is most interesting depends on the CTR (Click Through Rate), the percentage of visitors that click on the banner.
Using advertising networks
You can try to sell your advertising space. But unless you're site is about as popular as Yahoo that's not a good idea.
A better alternative is using advertising networks to do the work for you.
They'll keep a substantial part of your advertising money. But they'll find much more advertisers than you could find yourself.
Article Source
Friday, February 2, 2007
Wednesday, January 31, 2007
What is the term CPM ???
CPM means : Cost Per Thousand.
Replace the word 'Thousand' by the Latin number for thousand: 'M'. You'll get CPM.
Impressions
If you sell space to advertisers you can choose between the CPC (Cost Per Click) model and the CPM Model.
CPM Means you're paid for showing the banner.
It doesn't matter how many people click on the banner. You even don't have to worry about the number of visitors that actually look at the banner.
It just has to show up.
Advantages of CPM
* If you know how many page views you get, it's easy to calculate your revenues
* Your payments don't depend on the design of the banner or the attractiveness of the advertising message
Disadvantages of CPM
* Most advertisers prefer CPC, it's not an easy job to sell inventory if you're using CPM
* If your site has a very targeted audience, your banners will receive more clicks. With CPM you don't benefit from the extra clicks.
Article Source
Replace the word 'Thousand' by the Latin number for thousand: 'M'. You'll get CPM.
Impressions
If you sell space to advertisers you can choose between the CPC (Cost Per Click) model and the CPM Model.
CPM Means you're paid for showing the banner.
It doesn't matter how many people click on the banner. You even don't have to worry about the number of visitors that actually look at the banner.
It just has to show up.
Advantages of CPM
* If you know how many page views you get, it's easy to calculate your revenues
* Your payments don't depend on the design of the banner or the attractiveness of the advertising message
Disadvantages of CPM
* Most advertisers prefer CPC, it's not an easy job to sell inventory if you're using CPM
* If your site has a very targeted audience, your banners will receive more clicks. With CPM you don't benefit from the extra clicks.
Article Source
What is the term CTR ???
CTR is the Click Through Rate. It's the percentage of of visitors that click on a banner.
The CTR is important for CPC based and for CPM based advertising.
If you use CPC, revenues depend directly on the CTR. And if you use CPM, advertisers will check the CTR to define if they want to advertise on your site.
CTR on the decline
Let's face it, banners are not popular. People don't click often on advertising's. The CTR is low, about 0.5%
Real banner-haters buy software to get rid of banners. In general, the CTR will tend to be even lower.
Improving the CTR
If you sell advertising inventory, you'll need a high CTR.
The quality of the supplied banners is beyond your control. But you still can improve the CTR, we'll show you how:
* Make sure the banner is visible if the page shows up. Avoid scrolling to see the banner
* Limit the number of banners. People can click only on one banner. If you show numerous advertisements, none of them will catch the eye.
* Look for advertising agents that support targeted advertising. If you have a page about astronomy, banners for telescopes will have an above average CTR
* Give the banner some space. Don't place graphics in strong colors close to the banner. They will distract the attention of the visitor.
Article Source
The CTR is important for CPC based and for CPM based advertising.
If you use CPC, revenues depend directly on the CTR. And if you use CPM, advertisers will check the CTR to define if they want to advertise on your site.
CTR on the decline
Let's face it, banners are not popular. People don't click often on advertising's. The CTR is low, about 0.5%
Real banner-haters buy software to get rid of banners. In general, the CTR will tend to be even lower.
Improving the CTR
If you sell advertising inventory, you'll need a high CTR.
The quality of the supplied banners is beyond your control. But you still can improve the CTR, we'll show you how:
* Make sure the banner is visible if the page shows up. Avoid scrolling to see the banner
* Limit the number of banners. People can click only on one banner. If you show numerous advertisements, none of them will catch the eye.
* Look for advertising agents that support targeted advertising. If you have a page about astronomy, banners for telescopes will have an above average CTR
* Give the banner some space. Don't place graphics in strong colors close to the banner. They will distract the attention of the visitor.
Article Source
What is the term CPC on internet today ???
CPC means : Cost Per Click.
If you're selling advertising space on a CPC base, you'll get paid for each visitor that clicks on a banner..
Number of clicks
The number of clicks defines how high your revenues are.
You'll have to multiply the number of page views with the percentage of visitors that click on a specific banner (the Click Through Rate of CTR . The result is the number of clicks.
Advantages of CPC
* CPC is the most common model for advertising. It will be less difficult to sell your inventory if you use CPC.
* You can benefit form high click through rates.
Disadvantages of CPC
* Your revenues depend on the quality of banners that are created by others.
* Your revenues will vary strongly, depending on the Click Through Rate
Article Source http://spiderpro.com/pu/pusadm004.html
If you're selling advertising space on a CPC base, you'll get paid for each visitor that clicks on a banner..
Number of clicks
The number of clicks defines how high your revenues are.
You'll have to multiply the number of page views with the percentage of visitors that click on a specific banner (the Click Through Rate of CTR . The result is the number of clicks.
Advantages of CPC
* CPC is the most common model for advertising. It will be less difficult to sell your inventory if you use CPC.
* You can benefit form high click through rates.
Disadvantages of CPC
* Your revenues depend on the quality of banners that are created by others.
* Your revenues will vary strongly, depending on the Click Through Rate
Article Source http://spiderpro.com/pu/pusadm004.html
Monday, January 29, 2007
Hotspot advertising(service providers
As the price of Wi-Fi continues to decline, leveraging your network to display advertising provides a viable, long-term revenue stream. We're offering revolutionary Wi-Fi advertising opportunities for hotspots and municipal Wi-Fi networks that provide an exponential increase in network revenues and the ability to attract more users through subsidized Wi-Fi access. More than 15 Wi-Fi networks have partnered with us to date, and the number is growing every day.
Our hotspot advertising network is successful because we bring real advertisers and advertising revenue to every network partner, not just the promise of ad revenue with fancy ad-serving technology (don't worry, we have that too.)
Over the past four years, JiWire has established advertising relationships with major technology and consumer brands including Microsoft, Sony, Toshiba, Sprint, Verizon, Kodak, Toyota and others. Advertisers love this new platform because they can reach affluent mobile purchasers—their number one target demographic—in a highly targeted, captive Wi-Fi environment. With a stable of over 50 advertisers and growing, we can continue to monetize your network as it grows.
Most people don't realize that actually delivering an ad campaign, with the visibility guarantees, campaign reporting, and overall reliability that advertisers and ad agencies expect, is not an easy task. As with any business, taking someone's money means accountability for providing the contracted service. As experts in the field, our plug-and-play ad platform offloads the burden of having to manage ad serving, ad tagging, ad tracking, creative trafficking, and the rest of the laundry list of tasks associated with ad delivery so you can focus on your core business.
Our hotspot advertising network is successful because we bring real advertisers and advertising revenue to every network partner, not just the promise of ad revenue with fancy ad-serving technology (don't worry, we have that too.)
Over the past four years, JiWire has established advertising relationships with major technology and consumer brands including Microsoft, Sony, Toshiba, Sprint, Verizon, Kodak, Toyota and others. Advertisers love this new platform because they can reach affluent mobile purchasers—their number one target demographic—in a highly targeted, captive Wi-Fi environment. With a stable of over 50 advertisers and growing, we can continue to monetize your network as it grows.
Most people don't realize that actually delivering an ad campaign, with the visibility guarantees, campaign reporting, and overall reliability that advertisers and ad agencies expect, is not an easy task. As with any business, taking someone's money means accountability for providing the contracted service. As experts in the field, our plug-and-play ad platform offloads the burden of having to manage ad serving, ad tagging, ad tracking, creative trafficking, and the rest of the laundry list of tasks associated with ad delivery so you can focus on your core business.
Hotspot advertising
Through our extensive partnerships with hundreds of Wi-Fi hotspot networks around the globe, we're offering revolutionary point-of-connection (POC) advertising opportunities that are unsurpassed in their ability to reach your prime target: affluent mobile professionals and consumers.
Advertising at hotspots captures mobile users as they connect to public Wi-Fi hotspots around in the world—at airports, hotels, cafes and even citywide networks. Our database statistics show that hotels are the leading location for Wi-Fi usage, followed by airports, cafes, shopping malls, universities and citywide hotspots.
Over 50 major advertisers have leveraged JiWire's Hotspot Advertising program including Microsoft, Sony, Toyota and many others.
This new media offers:
Advanced targeting by geography and type of venue
New technology for delivering ads to a captive audience
Exclusive ad placements at select locations
Seamless integration with your ongoing media campaigns
High impact, high value-ad placements
- Advertising on hotspot home pages before and after connection
- Continuous advertising at pre-determined intervals throughout the Web browsing experience (in exchange for free user access)
Powered by our world-renowned Wi-Fi hotspot database, our location-based ad technology gives you a unique way to access business travelers, affluent mobile purchasers and technology influencers—exactly where you want to reach them. With our advanced targeting capabilities, you can target Wi-Fi users in specific venues such as airports or hotels, as well as by specific geographic areas.
Hotspot advertising is a new way to reach your highly-desired target audiences, but with all the benefits of traditional third-party reporting methods that allow you to track your campaigns.
Advertising at hotspots captures mobile users as they connect to public Wi-Fi hotspots around in the world—at airports, hotels, cafes and even citywide networks. Our database statistics show that hotels are the leading location for Wi-Fi usage, followed by airports, cafes, shopping malls, universities and citywide hotspots.
Over 50 major advertisers have leveraged JiWire's Hotspot Advertising program including Microsoft, Sony, Toyota and many others.
This new media offers:
Advanced targeting by geography and type of venue
New technology for delivering ads to a captive audience
Exclusive ad placements at select locations
Seamless integration with your ongoing media campaigns
High impact, high value-ad placements
- Advertising on hotspot home pages before and after connection
- Continuous advertising at pre-determined intervals throughout the Web browsing experience (in exchange for free user access)
Powered by our world-renowned Wi-Fi hotspot database, our location-based ad technology gives you a unique way to access business travelers, affluent mobile purchasers and technology influencers—exactly where you want to reach them. With our advanced targeting capabilities, you can target Wi-Fi users in specific venues such as airports or hotels, as well as by specific geographic areas.
Hotspot advertising is a new way to reach your highly-desired target audiences, but with all the benefits of traditional third-party reporting methods that allow you to track your campaigns.
Wifi hotspot database (wifi 2.0)
JiWire's core competency is Wi-Fi hotspot data collection and management. We work with more than 400 Wireless ISPs around the globe to keep this information complete and up-to-date. The depth and timeliness of our content adds value to your website, software application or mobile device—and it lets you focus on your core competency without having to worry about managing this information on your own.
Since 2003, we have been assembling the world's most complete and accurate directory of free and paid Wi-Fi hotspots. Our directory contains the location attributes and data points for more than 130,000 Wi-Fi hotspots in more than 130 countries. This data is the engine for delivering the contextual advertising and location-based content that powers JiWire Hotspot Advertising across any mobile device.
As the leading supplier of Wi-Fi location information used by Yahoo!, Microsoft, Sony, iPass and many other leading companies, we've developed patent-pending technologies and business processes to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of our Wi-Fi content.
Since 2003, we have been assembling the world's most complete and accurate directory of free and paid Wi-Fi hotspots. Our directory contains the location attributes and data points for more than 130,000 Wi-Fi hotspots in more than 130 countries. This data is the engine for delivering the contextual advertising and location-based content that powers JiWire Hotspot Advertising across any mobile device.
As the leading supplier of Wi-Fi location information used by Yahoo!, Microsoft, Sony, iPass and many other leading companies, we've developed patent-pending technologies and business processes to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of our Wi-Fi content.
Hacking Wireless
Wireless networks are so convenient - not only for you, but also for those nefarious types who'd like to invade them. The only way to know if your system can be penetrated is to simulate an attack. Hacking Wireless Networks for Dummies shows you how, along with how to strengthen any weak spots you find in your network's armor. Discover how to: * Perform ethical hacks without compromising a system. * Combat denial of service and WEP attacks. * Understand how invaders think. * Recognize the effects of different hacks. * Protect against war drivers and rogue devices.
IT professionals are looking for a book that gives them more than just theory and generic security information. With the best-selling Hacking Exposed series already established as the leader in the marketplace, Hacking Exposed Wireless provides real, tactical wireless security implementation coverage by showing how to execute the attacks and implement the defenses. This is an invaluable resource for any IT professional who works with wireless technology.
Mapping Hacks, the latest page-turner from O'Reilly Press, is a collection of one hundred simple--and mostly free--techniques available to developers and power users who want draw digital maps or otherwise visualize geographic data. This comprehensive resource also shows you how to interpret and manipulate unwieldy cartography data, as well as how to incorporate personal photo galleries into your maps. It even provides practical uses for GPS (Global Positioning System) devices--those touch-of-a-button street maps integrated into cars and mobile phones
IT professionals are looking for a book that gives them more than just theory and generic security information. With the best-selling Hacking Exposed series already established as the leader in the marketplace, Hacking Exposed Wireless provides real, tactical wireless security implementation coverage by showing how to execute the attacks and implement the defenses. This is an invaluable resource for any IT professional who works with wireless technology.
Mapping Hacks, the latest page-turner from O'Reilly Press, is a collection of one hundred simple--and mostly free--techniques available to developers and power users who want draw digital maps or otherwise visualize geographic data. This comprehensive resource also shows you how to interpret and manipulate unwieldy cartography data, as well as how to incorporate personal photo galleries into your maps. It even provides practical uses for GPS (Global Positioning System) devices--those touch-of-a-button street maps integrated into cars and mobile phones
Existing Wiring
The Netgear XE102 Powerline Ethernet Adapter (image) or the more powerful Netgear HDX101 Powerline HD Ethernet Adapter plug into an electrical outlet and uses your existing electrical wiring to give your entire household access to your Cable/DSL connection.
The Netgear XE102 allows simultaneous shared Internet access across existing 2 & 3 prong standard 110 volt electrical outlets. Transfers data at speeds up to 14 Mbps, faster than 802.11b wireless and is compatible with 10 Mbps or 10/100 Mbps Ethernet products.
The Netgear HDX101 turns any electrical outlet into an HD-streaming Ethernet connection which offers up to 200 Mbps data rates for faster file transfers. Quality of service (QoS) technology, which is built into the HDX101, offers high quality, consistent performance for things like real-time HD video and audio streaming for a digital media adapter that streams content from your PC to your home theater, or for Internet gaming and VoIP calls.
Another way to get rid of wireless dead spots is by using your existing cable lines. The AuraGrid Home Kit allows you to expand your home wireless network using existing coax cables. The concept of leaky LMR is similar to a drip irrigation hose vs a standard hose. Times Mircrowave sells a radiating "leaky" cable (pdf) specific for this application
The Netgear XE102 allows simultaneous shared Internet access across existing 2 & 3 prong standard 110 volt electrical outlets. Transfers data at speeds up to 14 Mbps, faster than 802.11b wireless and is compatible with 10 Mbps or 10/100 Mbps Ethernet products.
The Netgear HDX101 turns any electrical outlet into an HD-streaming Ethernet connection which offers up to 200 Mbps data rates for faster file transfers. Quality of service (QoS) technology, which is built into the HDX101, offers high quality, consistent performance for things like real-time HD video and audio streaming for a digital media adapter that streams content from your PC to your home theater, or for Internet gaming and VoIP calls.
Another way to get rid of wireless dead spots is by using your existing cable lines. The AuraGrid Home Kit allows you to expand your home wireless network using existing coax cables. The concept of leaky LMR is similar to a drip irrigation hose vs a standard hose. Times Mircrowave sells a radiating "leaky" cable (pdf) specific for this application
Satellite TV
Consumers now have a wide range of options to bring entertainment into their homes through their television screens. For many years, cable was the preferred provider for many homes in America. In the past fifteen years, satellite services have become more and more popular. Now with more than twenty million subscribers and thousands more signing on each month, satellite service is the top choice for many consumers.
Setting up a satellite system in your home can be very easy and inexpensive with the great promotional offers through the top satellite providers. To introduce satellite service to your home, you will need to install a small satellite dish with exposure to the southern sky. Inside your home, a receiver can be connected to each television set to deliver exceptional quality in picture and a wide range of channels. Many have the misconception that with a satellite system, everyone in the house must watch the same channels. That is no longer than the case. With a receiver in each room, every person in your family will have their choice of programming on each television.
Satellite service has become more reliable over the years. There is no longer the threat of losing your signal often during thunderstorms or other weather situations. You will be able to continue to enjoy your satellite service whether the sun is shining or the rain is pouring down. Perhaps the most common misconception is that satellite prevents you from being able to welcome local channels into your home. The top satellite providers now provide access to local channels in most markets at no additional charge. There’s no need to trade your local news for the broad offerings of entertainment through satellite services – now you can have them both.
Many consumers choose satellite service not only for the exceptional quality but for the great value. Compared to cable television, satellite services offer more channels of entertainment for your hard earned dollars. In addition, there are a variety of packages offered to meet the needs of your family. Even small packages often offer more than 100 channels. Satellite services offer the ability to customize your service to the viewing habits of your family. Additional packages include extensive sports, music and movie channels. You can subscribe to as little or as many as you would like to provide entertainment to your entire household.
In the United States, satellite services are available through two providers – DISH Network and DIRECTV. Both services provide excellent customer service and quality digital signals resulting in an excellent picture. Unlike with cable companies, DISH Network and DIRECTV both offer continuous specials that make their service even more attractive to their growing customer base.
Setting up a satellite system in your home can be very easy and inexpensive with the great promotional offers through the top satellite providers. To introduce satellite service to your home, you will need to install a small satellite dish with exposure to the southern sky. Inside your home, a receiver can be connected to each television set to deliver exceptional quality in picture and a wide range of channels. Many have the misconception that with a satellite system, everyone in the house must watch the same channels. That is no longer than the case. With a receiver in each room, every person in your family will have their choice of programming on each television.
Satellite service has become more reliable over the years. There is no longer the threat of losing your signal often during thunderstorms or other weather situations. You will be able to continue to enjoy your satellite service whether the sun is shining or the rain is pouring down. Perhaps the most common misconception is that satellite prevents you from being able to welcome local channels into your home. The top satellite providers now provide access to local channels in most markets at no additional charge. There’s no need to trade your local news for the broad offerings of entertainment through satellite services – now you can have them both.
Many consumers choose satellite service not only for the exceptional quality but for the great value. Compared to cable television, satellite services offer more channels of entertainment for your hard earned dollars. In addition, there are a variety of packages offered to meet the needs of your family. Even small packages often offer more than 100 channels. Satellite services offer the ability to customize your service to the viewing habits of your family. Additional packages include extensive sports, music and movie channels. You can subscribe to as little or as many as you would like to provide entertainment to your entire household.
In the United States, satellite services are available through two providers – DISH Network and DIRECTV. Both services provide excellent customer service and quality digital signals resulting in an excellent picture. Unlike with cable companies, DISH Network and DIRECTV both offer continuous specials that make their service even more attractive to their growing customer base.
What is the best WiFi antenna for me?
Some of you that have come here are looking for a quick, simple and inexpensive solution to your wireless problem. You are not that interested in a complex diy project due to lack of time, skills or inertia. You don't want to digest a lot of theory and math. That's O.K. However, you do need to have some basic understanding of the terminology before you can make an informed decision as to which solution is the best fit for your situation. Hang around for a bit and take a look around, it will be well worth your time.
The best thing you can do to extend the range of your wifi signal is to add an external antenna with stronger gain to your system.
There are two basic types of antennas: directional and omni-directional. Directional antennas, primarily used in point-to-point networks, concentrate the waves in one direction much like a flashlight concentrates light in a narrow beam, in a "conical" radiation pattern. Directional antennas include yagi, dish, panel, and sector. The pringles, coffee can and parabolic antennas are directional. Omni-directional antennas (omni is a prefix meaning "all"), can transmit radio waves in a 360 degree "doughnut" radiation pattern. They generally have lower gain than directional antennas.
Visualize how antennas work with a flashlight. Point a flashlight at the ceiling - the circular pattern it makes is light an omni-directional antenna. If you use a larger flashlight, the size of the circle grows larger. Now, take the same flashlight and point it across the room. If there is no interference, the light travels far in the direction you point the flashlight. There is little or no light behind the flashlight, and the pattern of the light is cone-shaped - it starts small at the source and then grows with distance. This is the way a directional antenna works.
For multi-point to multi-point use omnidirectional antennas on both ends, for point to multi-point use an omnidirectional antenna for the point (or center) and directional antennas for the endpoints, for point to point use directional antennas on both ends.
You will need to decide where to add your external antenna. Distance is an important factor to consider. Connecting it to your computer is usually less of a security risk than connecting it to your router. However if you are comfortable with your network's security, than you should get more signal strength with the external antenna at your router. If you are interested in mobile wifi and accessing public high speed wireless networks directly from your car, truck, or RV, there is fun and entertaining reading here. Select from the list of topics on the left side of this page to further explore your options.
For an easy, no-tools setup on any desktop or notebook computer with USB support you can connect your USB-equipped desktop or notebook computer to a wireless network with the Linksys Wireless-G USB Network Adapter with SpeedBooster. Using your high-speed USB 2.0 port, the Adapter delivers quick data rates without the trouble of opening up the case of your computer. Using a longer USB cable gives you the flexibility to position the unit and its external antenna to your advantage.
The best thing you can do to extend the range of your wifi signal is to add an external antenna with stronger gain to your system.
There are two basic types of antennas: directional and omni-directional. Directional antennas, primarily used in point-to-point networks, concentrate the waves in one direction much like a flashlight concentrates light in a narrow beam, in a "conical" radiation pattern. Directional antennas include yagi, dish, panel, and sector. The pringles, coffee can and parabolic antennas are directional. Omni-directional antennas (omni is a prefix meaning "all"), can transmit radio waves in a 360 degree "doughnut" radiation pattern. They generally have lower gain than directional antennas.
Visualize how antennas work with a flashlight. Point a flashlight at the ceiling - the circular pattern it makes is light an omni-directional antenna. If you use a larger flashlight, the size of the circle grows larger. Now, take the same flashlight and point it across the room. If there is no interference, the light travels far in the direction you point the flashlight. There is little or no light behind the flashlight, and the pattern of the light is cone-shaped - it starts small at the source and then grows with distance. This is the way a directional antenna works.
For multi-point to multi-point use omnidirectional antennas on both ends, for point to multi-point use an omnidirectional antenna for the point (or center) and directional antennas for the endpoints, for point to point use directional antennas on both ends.
You will need to decide where to add your external antenna. Distance is an important factor to consider. Connecting it to your computer is usually less of a security risk than connecting it to your router. However if you are comfortable with your network's security, than you should get more signal strength with the external antenna at your router. If you are interested in mobile wifi and accessing public high speed wireless networks directly from your car, truck, or RV, there is fun and entertaining reading here. Select from the list of topics on the left side of this page to further explore your options.
For an easy, no-tools setup on any desktop or notebook computer with USB support you can connect your USB-equipped desktop or notebook computer to a wireless network with the Linksys Wireless-G USB Network Adapter with SpeedBooster. Using your high-speed USB 2.0 port, the Adapter delivers quick data rates without the trouble of opening up the case of your computer. Using a longer USB cable gives you the flexibility to position the unit and its external antenna to your advantage.
Types of RF (Radio Frequency) Interference & Antenna Placement
Direct interference
Other 802.11b/g devices. Access Points nearest to each other should be set to non-overlapping channels (unless bridged). The theoretical non-overlapping channels are 1, 6, and 11. Any channels in between will overlap with one of these 3, causing interference and reduced bandwidth. North America uses only Channels 1 through 11 (2.412Mhz – 2.462Mhz)
Indirect interference
Non-802.11b/g devices such as microwave ovens, 2.4 cordless phones and baby monitors. Again, most Wi-Fi systems use channel 1, 6 or 11 as the default. Channel 6 is usually the most common default, so try channel 1 or 11. If that doesn't work, try switching the channel to 7 or 10 to avoid the channels used by the competing non-802.11b/g devices.
Path interference
Fish tanks, water heaters, hot tubs, filing cabinets, foil-backed insulation, metal bookcases, tinted windows that use metal-based films and aluminum window screens. Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Scattering
Line of Sight interference
Signal absorption from interfering objects such as dense building materials, walls, furniture, filled cinder block, brick, rock fireplace walls, adobe or stucco construction, and trees.
The location of your access point (AP) is important. Pick a place near the center of your building. Keep the AP out of the line of sight of microwaves, cordless phones, refrigerators, and other appliances that contain metal. Avoid putting the AP low to the ground by placing it on a table or a shelf. If you have an 802.11b or g network, consider getting one of the newer 5GHz cordless phones. An older 900MHz phone won't interfere with either type of network. Your computer can cause interference, so keep the AP away from it. Bluetooth-enabled devices can be a source of interference, as well.
Power Output & Antenna Gain & Health Effects
The power output of the radio is in dBm and the gain of your antennas is in dBi.
Gain is term used for measuring of increase in signal power, described in decibels (dB) which is a logarithmic measure of relative power. Gain is typically measured in dBi (decibels relative to isotropic radiator - a theoretically "perfect" antenna) and is based on decibels. The dBi is computed by comparing the output of the antenna to a theoretical isotropic radiator (antenna) with a dBi of 0: the higher the dBi measurement, the higher the power level of the antenna.
Antennas are designed to raise the power in the wanted direction and reduce it in unwanted directions.
To convert milliwatts to dBm :(0 dBm = power dissipated by a 1 mV signal into a 50W load)
dBm = 10 * (log (1000 * P))
P = Power in Watts
1000mW = 1 Watt
To convert dBm to milliwatts:
P = 0.001 * (10**(dBm/10))
P = Power in Watts
Calculator to convert dBm to watts and milliWatts
A 3 dBi gain antenna is equivalent to raising transmit power from 10 mW to 20 mW.
5 dBi ~ 33 mW,
8 dBi ~ 66 mW,
12 dBi ~ 160 mW,
15 dBi ~ 320 mW,
18 dBi ~ 640 mW.
EIRP (pdf), Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power, or (ERP, effective radiated power) is the total effective transmit power of the radio system which includes the gain of the antenna and any losses from the antenna cable.
WiFi antennas emit RF electromagnetic energy that can harm humans. Because of that, there are standards that limit EIRP.
Part 15.247 of the Federal Communications Commission rules defines power limitations for license-free radio emissions. The rules rely on effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), which represents the total effective transmit power of the access point (including gain provided by the antenna and loss provided by the cable). The FCC requires EIRP to be 1 watt (+36 dBm) or less for omni-directional antennas that have 6-dBi gain, and for directional antennas the EIRP can increase by 1 dB for every 3-dBi gain provided by the antenna.
Other 802.11b/g devices. Access Points nearest to each other should be set to non-overlapping channels (unless bridged). The theoretical non-overlapping channels are 1, 6, and 11. Any channels in between will overlap with one of these 3, causing interference and reduced bandwidth. North America uses only Channels 1 through 11 (2.412Mhz – 2.462Mhz)
Indirect interference
Non-802.11b/g devices such as microwave ovens, 2.4 cordless phones and baby monitors. Again, most Wi-Fi systems use channel 1, 6 or 11 as the default. Channel 6 is usually the most common default, so try channel 1 or 11. If that doesn't work, try switching the channel to 7 or 10 to avoid the channels used by the competing non-802.11b/g devices.
Path interference
Fish tanks, water heaters, hot tubs, filing cabinets, foil-backed insulation, metal bookcases, tinted windows that use metal-based films and aluminum window screens. Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Scattering
Line of Sight interference
Signal absorption from interfering objects such as dense building materials, walls, furniture, filled cinder block, brick, rock fireplace walls, adobe or stucco construction, and trees.
The location of your access point (AP) is important. Pick a place near the center of your building. Keep the AP out of the line of sight of microwaves, cordless phones, refrigerators, and other appliances that contain metal. Avoid putting the AP low to the ground by placing it on a table or a shelf. If you have an 802.11b or g network, consider getting one of the newer 5GHz cordless phones. An older 900MHz phone won't interfere with either type of network. Your computer can cause interference, so keep the AP away from it. Bluetooth-enabled devices can be a source of interference, as well.
Power Output & Antenna Gain & Health Effects
The power output of the radio is in dBm and the gain of your antennas is in dBi.
Gain is term used for measuring of increase in signal power, described in decibels (dB) which is a logarithmic measure of relative power. Gain is typically measured in dBi (decibels relative to isotropic radiator - a theoretically "perfect" antenna) and is based on decibels. The dBi is computed by comparing the output of the antenna to a theoretical isotropic radiator (antenna) with a dBi of 0: the higher the dBi measurement, the higher the power level of the antenna.
Antennas are designed to raise the power in the wanted direction and reduce it in unwanted directions.
To convert milliwatts to dBm :(0 dBm = power dissipated by a 1 mV signal into a 50W load)
dBm = 10 * (log (1000 * P))
P = Power in Watts
1000mW = 1 Watt
To convert dBm to milliwatts:
P = 0.001 * (10**(dBm/10))
P = Power in Watts
Calculator to convert dBm to watts and milliWatts
A 3 dBi gain antenna is equivalent to raising transmit power from 10 mW to 20 mW.
5 dBi ~ 33 mW,
8 dBi ~ 66 mW,
12 dBi ~ 160 mW,
15 dBi ~ 320 mW,
18 dBi ~ 640 mW.
EIRP (pdf), Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power, or (ERP, effective radiated power) is the total effective transmit power of the radio system which includes the gain of the antenna and any losses from the antenna cable.
WiFi antennas emit RF electromagnetic energy that can harm humans. Because of that, there are standards that limit EIRP.
Part 15.247 of the Federal Communications Commission rules defines power limitations for license-free radio emissions. The rules rely on effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP), which represents the total effective transmit power of the access point (including gain provided by the antenna and loss provided by the cable). The FCC requires EIRP to be 1 watt (+36 dBm) or less for omni-directional antennas that have 6-dBi gain, and for directional antennas the EIRP can increase by 1 dB for every 3-dBi gain provided by the antenna.
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